Preamplifier circuit for a microelectromechanical capacitive acoustic transducer

ABSTRACT

Described herein is a preamplifier circuit for a capacitive acoustic transducer provided with a MEMS detection structure that generates a capacitive variation as a function of an acoustic signal to be detected, starting from a capacitance at rest; the preamplifier circuit is provided with an amplification stage that generates a differential output signal correlated to the capacitive variation. In particular, the amplification stage is an input stage of the preamplifier circuit and has a fully differential amplifier having a first differential input (INP) directly connected to the MEMS detection structure and a second differential input (INN) connected to a reference capacitive element, which has a value of capacitance equal to the capacitance at rest of the MEMS detection structure and fixed with respect to the acoustic signal to be detected; the fully differential amplifier amplifies the capacitive variation and generates the differential output signal.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a preamplifier circuit for an acoustictransducer, in particular a MEMS (microelectromechanical system)capacitive microphone, to which the ensuing treatment will make explicitreference without this implying any loss of generality.

2. Description of the Related Art

As is known, there is a currently widespread use of acoustic transducersof a capacitive type, for example, MEMS capacitive microphones, in awide range of applications, in particular within portable devices, inwhich it proves advantageous to reduce dimensions and levels ofconsumption.

A MEMS capacitive microphone generally comprises amicroelectromechanical structure having a mobile electrode, provided asdiaphragm or membrane, set facing a fixed electrode, to provide theplates of a variable-capacitance detection capacitor.

The mobile electrode is generally anchored to a substrate at aperimetral portion thereof, whilst a central portion thereof is free tomove or bend in response to the pressure exerted by incident soundwaves. The mobile electrode and the fixed electrode provide a capacitor,and bending of the membrane constituting the mobile electrode, as afunction of the acoustic signal to be detected, causes a capacitancevariation of this capacitor with respect to a value of capacitance atrest (which the capacitor assumes in the absence of acoustic signals).

In greater detail, and with reference to FIG. 1, a detection structure 1of a MEMS capacitive microphone of a known type comprises a substrate 2of semiconductor material, for example silicon; a cavity 3 (generallyknown as “back-chamber”) is made in the substrate 2, for example viachemical etching from the back. A membrane or diaphragm 4 is coupled tothe substrate 2 and closes the back-chamber 3 at the top; the membrane 4is flexible and, in use, undergoes deformation as a function of thepressure of the sound waves impinging thereon from the back-chamber 3. Arigid plate 5 (generally known as “back-plate”) is set above themembrane 4 and faces it, via the interposition of spacers 6 (forexample, made of insulating material, such as silicon oxide). Theback-plate 5 constitutes the fixed electrode of a capacitor withvariable capacitance, the mobile electrode of which is constituted bythe membrane 4, and has a plurality of holes 7, for example withcircular cross section, which are designed to enable free circulation ofair towards the same membrane 4.

Capacitive microphones, and in particular MEMS microphones, receive anappropriate electrical biasing so that they can be used as transducersof acoustic signals into electrical signals. In particular, in order toguarantee performance levels sufficient for common applications,microphones are required to be biased at high voltages (for example, 15V-20 V), typically much higher than the ones at which a correspondingreadout-interface circuit is supplied (logic voltages, for example, of1.6 V-3 V). For this purpose, it is common to use charge-pumpvoltage-booster circuits made with integrated technology, which arecapable of generating high voltage values starting from referencevoltages of a lower value.

In use, the capacitance variations generated by the detection structureare transformed by a purposely provided readout-interface circuit intoan electrical signal, which is supplied as output signal of the acoustictransducer. Since the capacitive variations are of an extremely lowvalue (lower than one picofarad, generally in the femtofarad-picofaradrange), the readout-interface circuit has a high signal-to-noise ratioin the conversion of the capacitive variations into the electricalsignal to be used for the subsequent processing operations. In addition,portable applications have low supply voltages, for example in theregion of 1.6 V or lower.

FIG. 2 shows a traditional circuit arrangement for reading of a MEMScapacitive microphone, the detection structure 1 of which isschematically represented as a capacitor with variable capacitance. Thiscircuit arrangement, which is designed to operate as preamplifier of thecapacitive variation signals generated by the detection structure, is,for example, described in Yu-Chun Hsu, Wen-Chieh Chou, Lu-Po Liao,Ji-Ching Tsai “A Realization of Low Noise Silicon Acoustic TransducerInterface Circuit”, VLSI Design, Automation and Test, 2007; VLSI-DAT2007, International Symposium, Apr. 25-27, 2007, pp. 1-4.

In particular, a first terminal N₁ (constituted, for example, by theback-plate 5—see FIG. 1) of the detection structure 1 receives a firstbiasing voltage V_(BIAS) from an appropriate biasing circuit (typicallycomprising a charge-pump stage, not illustrated), whilst a secondterminal N₂ (for example, constituted by the membrane 4—see FIG. 1) ofthe detection structure 1 is connected to the high-impedance input of anassociated preamplifier reading circuit (also defined as “front-end”),designated as a whole by 10.

The preamplifier circuit 10 includes a buffer stage 11, having an inputconnected to the aforesaid second terminal N₂, and constituted by astage in source-follower configuration, formed by a PMOS transistor 12.The PMOS transistor 12 has its gate terminal connected to the secondterminal N₂, its source terminal connected to a biasing-currentgenerator 13, in turn connected to a line receiving a supply voltageV_(DD), and its drain terminal connected to a reference terminal(possibly coinciding, as in the case illustrated, with the groundterminal GND of the preamplifier circuit 10). The buffer stage 11converts the capacitive variation signal generated by the detectionstructure 1 into an electrical voltage signal that can be used for thesubsequent processing operations.

The input of the buffer stage 11 is biased at a fixed voltage through aresistance of a value sufficiently high as to guarantee the biasingcharge on the detection structure 1 of the MEMS capacitive microphone toremain substantially fixed. A resistive biasing element 14, having aresistance of a high value, of the order of tens of gigaohms (orhigher), is consequently connected between the input of the buffer stage11 (the aforesaid second terminal N₂) and a line at a second biasingvoltage V_(REF) (operating, for example, as a reference). Due to thefact that, as it is known, it is not possible in integrated-circuittechnology to produce resistors with such high values of resistance, apair of diodes in antiparallel configuration is usually employed toprovide the resistive biasing element 14, which provide a sufficientlyhigh resistance when there is a voltage drop across them of small value(depending upon the technology, for example less than 100 mV) and nod.c. current flows therein.

The preamplifier circuit 10 further comprises an amplification stage 15,provided with resistive feedback, connected in cascaded fashion to theoutput of the buffer stage 11. The amplification stage 15, in additionto implementing an appropriate gain function, performs the conversion ofthe single-ended signal coming from the buffer stage 11 into adifferential signal between its two output terminals Out1, Out2. Ingreater detail, the amplification stage 15 comprises: an amplifier 16having inverting and non-inverting inputs and two outputs connected tothe aforesaid output terminals Out1, Out2; a first feedback resistor 18a, connected between the non-inverting input of the amplifier 16 and thefirst output terminal Out1; a second feedback resistor 18 b, connectedbetween the inverting input of the amplifier 16 and the second outputterminal Out2 and having the same value of resistance as the firstfeedback resistor 18 a; a first gain resistor 19 a, connected betweenthe non-inverting input of the amplifier 16 and the output of the bufferstage 11; and a second gain resistor 19 b, connected between theinverting input of the amplifier 16 and the line at the second biasingvoltage V_(REF).

Circuit solutions have also been proposed (see US 2008/152171), inwhich, instead of a follower stage at input to the reading chain, a gainstage of the common-emitter type is used. In this case, however,performance levels are limited by the reduced output dynamics of thegain stage.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present Applicant has found that the aforesaid preamplifier circuit10 has a series of problems from the standpoint of noise, namely:

-   -   the noise of the buffer stage 11 (in follower configuration) is        added to the useful signal (indicative of the capacitive        variation of the detection structure 1), before this is        amplified so that the first stage of the reading chain, used for        a correct biasing of the MEMS capacitive microphone, actually        worsens the signal-to-noise ratio without, however, amplifying        the useful signal;    -   a possible disturbance on the first biasing voltage V_(BIAS) of        the MEMS capacitive microphone is entirely brought at output,        behaving in the same way as a useful signal component; and    -   the disturbance possibly present on the supply voltage V_(DD)        directly affects the output signal.

One embodiment is a readout interface, in particular a correspondingpreamplifier circuit, for an acoustic transducer, that will enable theabove drawbacks to be overcome, and in particular will enableimprovement of the noise performance levels.

According to the one embodiment, a preamplifier circuit for an acoustictransducer and a corresponding acoustic transducer are consequentlyprovided, as defined in claims 1 and 15, respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments are now described, purely by way of non-limitingexample and with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross section of the microelectromechanicaldetection structure of a capacitive acoustic transducer of a known type;

FIG. 2 shows a preamplifier circuit of a capacitive acoustic transducerof a known type;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a preamplifier circuit for acapacitive acoustic transducer, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4 shows a circuit diagram of a differential amplifier in thepreamplifier circuit of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 shows a circuit diagram of a reference generator in thepreamplifier circuit of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 shows a preamplifier circuit for a capacitive acoustictransducer, according to a further embodiment;

FIG. 7 shows a simplified block diagram of a capacitive acoustictransducer comprising the preamplifier circuit of FIG. 3 or FIG. 6; and

FIG. 8 shows a simplified block diagram of an electronic device providedwith a capacitive acoustic transducer, according to a furtherembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As will be clarified in detail in what follows, one embodiment envisagesthe use, as the first preamplifier stage of the readout interfaceassociated to the detection structure of a MEMS capacitive microphone(for example, once again made as described previously with reference toFIG. 1), of an amplification stage of a fully differential type, i.e.,having both differential inputs and differential outputs. This inputstage enables a correct biasing of the detection structure and at thesame time enables amplification of the useful signal and conversionthereof from single-ended to differential, eliminating the noisepossibly present on the biasing voltage and/or on the supply voltage.

In detail, and with reference to FIG. 3 (where elements similar toothers already described previously are designated by the samereferences), the preamplifier circuit, here designated by 20, associatedto the detection structure 1 of a MEMS capacitive microphone, in thiscase comprises an amplification stage 21 of the fully differential typehaving a high input impedance.

The amplification stage 21 is formed by a differential amplifier 22,having two inputs, an inverting input (designated by INN) and anon-inverting input (designated by INP), and two outputs, which definerespective output terminals of the preamplifier circuit 20, designatedby OUTN (negative output) and OUTP (positive output), across which itsupplies a differential output signal, correlated to the capacitivevariation detected by the detection structure 1.

The non-inverting input INP of the differential amplifier 22 isconnected to a detection branch, and in particular to the detectionstructure 1 (to the corresponding second terminal N₂) and to theassociated biasing network 23 a, including: a first resistive biasingelement 24, having a high value of resistance (for example, of the orderof tens of gigaohms or higher) and made, for example, by a pair ofdiodes in anti-parallel configuration, connected between the secondterminal N₂ of the detection structure 1 and a line set at the secondbiasing voltage V_(REF); and a voltage-generator element 25, connectedbetween the reference terminal and the first terminal N₁ of thedetection structure 1, to which it supplies the first biasing voltageV_(BIAS).

The inverting input INN of the differential amplifier 22 is, instead,connected to a reference branch, referred to as “dummy” (i.e., notcorresponding to a real detection structure), constituted by a dummycapacitor 26, having a value of capacitance equal to the capacitance atrest (i.e., in the absence of a detection signal) of the detectionstructure 1, and by a respective biasing network 23 b.

In particular, a second resistive biasing element 27, which also has ahigh value of resistance (for example, of the order of tens of gigaohmsor higher) equal to the value of resistance of the first resistivebiasing element 24, and for example provided by a pair of diodes inantiparallel configuration, is connected between the aforesaid invertinginput INN of the differential amplifier 22 and the line set at thesecond biasing voltage V_(REF) (in such a way as to be connected to thesame biasing voltage V_(REF) applied to the detection structure 1). Theaforesaid reference generator element 25 is moreover connected to thedummy capacitor 26, which consequently has, in use, a terminal in commonwith the detection structure 1 (with which it shares the first terminalN₁). The reference branch is hence altogether symmetrical to thedetection branch of the preamplifier circuit 20.

In use, the amplification stage 21, by virtue of the fully differentialconfiguration, thus amplifies just the useful signal, in particular thecapacitive variation generated by the detection structure 1 with respectto the situation at rest, and generates at output a differential signalcorrelated to this capacitive variation. Any possible disturbance on thebiasing voltage (V_(BIAS), V_(REF)) is instead eliminated by theamplification stage 21, again by virtue of the fully differentialconfiguration, given that the reference branch is connected exactly tothe same biasing voltage V_(BIAS), V_(REF) as that to which thedetection structure 1 is connected. In particular, the disturbance istreated as a variation of the common-mode signal at input to thedifferential amplifier 22 (being added to the common-mode signal) and,as has been said, substantially cancelled out by the amplifier.

One embodiment envisages provision of an amplifier the use of which isparticularly advantageous in the aforesaid preamplifier circuit 20, andwhich in particular: has a high input impedance and a low noise;implements a structure of a fully differential type; and has a stablegain with respect to process spread and to power supply and/ortemperature variations.

FIG. 4 shows a possible implementation of a differential amplifiersatisfying the above characteristics, once again designated by thereference number 22.

In detail, the differential amplifier 22 has an altogether symmetricalstructure having at input a pair of PMOS transistors so as to containnoise, namely: a first PMOS transistor 30 a, having its gate terminalconnected to the non-inverting input INP of the differential amplifier22, its drain terminal defining the second (negative) output terminalOUTN, and its source terminal connected to a first intermediate node 31;and a second PMOS transistor 30 b, having its gate terminal connected tothe inverting input INN of the differential amplifier 22, its drainterminal defining the first (positive) output terminal OUTP, and itssource terminal connected to a second intermediate node 32.

The differential amplifier 22 further comprises: a pair of loadresistors having the same value of resistance, and in particular a firstload resistor 33 a connected between the reference terminal of thepreamplifier circuit 20 and the second output terminal OUTN, and asecond load resistor 33 b connected between the reference terminal ofthe preamplifier circuit 20 and the first output terminal OUTP; and apair of degeneration resistors having the same value of resistance, andin particular a first degeneration resistor 34 a and a seconddegeneration resistor 34 b, connected between a third intermediate node35 and, respectively, the first intermediate node 31 and the secondintermediate node 32.

The differential amplifier 22 further comprises: a filter capacitor 36,connected between the first output terminal OUTP and the second outputterminal OUTN in such a way as to provide, at the output, a low-passfilter that enables appropriate filtering of the noise of theamplification stage 21 and thus reduction of the total wide-band noise;and a biasing-current generator 38, connected between a line set at thesupply voltage V_(DD) and the third intermediate node 35, and designedto supply, on the same third intermediate node 35, a biasing currentI_(BIAS) for proper operation of the circuit.

The circuit arrangement described for the differential amplifier 22advantageously has a high input impedance and enables a low noise to beobtained for the amplification stage 21, thanks in particular to thepresence of the pair of PMOS transistors 30 a, 30 b connected at theinput and of the pair of load resistors 33 a, 33 b, and moreover thanksto the filter capacitor 36 connected at the output. In addition, thesymmetrical and differential configuration enables rejection of anypossible disturbance on the supply voltage V_(DD).

In addition, it may be shown (as will be clarified in what follows) thatit is sufficient to impose an appropriate condition on the value of thebiasing current I_(BIAS) for the differential amplifier 22 to be stablewith respect to process spread and temperature variations.

In detail, the voltage in a condition of biasing of one of the outputterminals, for example of the second output terminal OUTN, is generallygiven by the following expression:V(OUTN)=R _(L) ·I _(BIAS) =R _(L) ·I _(BIAS) +ΔR _(L) ·I _(BIAS) +R _(L)·ΔI _(BIAS) +ΔR _(L) ·ΔI _(BIAS)where R_(L) is the resistance of the first load resistor 33 a(coinciding with the resistance of the second load resistor 33 b),ΔR_(L) is the variation of the same resistance due to a possible processspread, and likewise ΔI_(BIAS) is the variation of the biasing currentI_(BIAS) due to a process spread. In the presence of variability of thebiasing current I_(BIAS), independent of the variability of theresistance R_(L), the aforesaid voltage V(OUTN) is consequently notstable in regard to process spread or temperature variations.

For this reason, one embodiment envisages biasing of the differentialamplifier 22 with an appropriate biasing current I_(BIAS), the value ofwhich is correlated to the resistance R_(L) according to the relation:I _(BIAS) =V _(STAB)/(α·R _(L))where V_(STAB) is a voltage that is stable with respect to processspread and temperature variations, and α is a constant ofproportionality. As will be described in detail hereinafter, this stablevoltage can, for example, be the bandgap reference voltage V_(BG)generated by a reference generator of a bandgap type.

Evidently, using a biasing current I_(BIAS) in the aforesaid form (i.e.,having a relation of proportionality with the resistance R_(L) of theload resistors 33 a, 33 b), the voltage on the output terminals of thedifferential amplifier 22 is stable, irrespective of the process spreadand the temperature variations. In fact, in this case, the voltage ofthe aforesaid second output terminal can be expressed as:V(OUTN)=R _(L) ·I _(BIAS) =R _(L) ·V _(BG)/(α·R _(L))=V _(BG)/αthus being proportional only to a voltage that is stable with respect toprocess spread and temperature variations (the bandgap reference voltageV_(BG)) on the basis of the constant of proportionality a; thedependence upon the resistance R_(L) is, instead, eliminated.

It may moreover be shown (using the small-signal models of the varioustransistors) that the gain G of the differential amplifier 22 can beexpressed as follows:

$G = {\frac{R_{L}}{{1/g_{m}} + R_{D}} = \frac{V_{RL}}{{I_{BIAS}/\left( {2 \cdot g_{m}} \right)} + V_{D}}}$where R_(D) is the resistance of the degeneration resistors 34 a, 34 b,g_(m) is the transconductance of the pair of PMOS transistors 30 a, 30b, V_(RL) is the voltage across each of the load resistors 33 a, 33 bwhen they are traversed by the biasing current I_(BIAS), and V_(D) isthe voltage across each of the degeneration resistors 30 a, 30 b whentraversed by the same biasing current I_(BIAS).

In order to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of the differentialamplifier 22, the PMOS transistors 30 a, 30 b of the input pair arebiased in subthreshold condition, so that their transconductance g_(m)can be expressed as:

$g_{m} = \frac{I_{BIAS}}{2 \cdot n \cdot V_{th}}$where V_(th) is the threshold voltage of the PMOS transistors 30 a, 30b, and n is a slope coefficient, depending on the CMOS technology usedin the production process.

The gain G of the differential amplifier 22 is hence expressed by thefollowing resultant relation:

$G = \frac{V_{RL}}{{n \cdot V_{th}} + V_{D}}$depending only on two voltages (V_(RA) and V_(D)) which are stable withrespect to temperature variations and process spread.

The dependence of the gain G upon the temperature is hence markedlycontained; in the practical cases, it is possible to obtain a variationlower than 1.5 dB over a temperature range of 100° C. In addition, bysizing appropriately the circuit elements of the differential amplifier22 it is possible to obtain gains of variable value between 0 dB and 20dB (or higher).

A further embodiment hence envisages generation of the aforesaid stablevoltage V_(STAB) (and the associated biasing current I_(BIAS)) using areference generator of a bandgap type, for example of the type as theone described in the document: P. Malcovati, F. Maloberti, C. Fiocchi,M. Pruzzi “Curvature-Compensated BiCMOS Bandgap with 1-V SupplyVoltage”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, July 2001, pp. 52-55,vol. 36, No. 7.

FIG. 5 shows a reference generator 40, of the bandgap type, which can beused for generation of the biasing current I_(BIAS) in the aforesaiddifferential amplifier 22.

In brief (see the document cited for a detailed description), thereference generator 40 comprises: an operational amplifier 41, having aninverting input connected to a first internal node 42 and anon-inverting input connected to a second internal node 43; and a pairof bipolar transistors (of an NPN type), which are diode-connected(i.e., they have a respective base terminal connected to the respectivecollector terminal), and in particular: a first bipolar transistor 44connected between the reference terminal (coinciding with the ground GNDof the preamplifier circuit 20) and the first internal node 42; and asecond bipolar transistor 45, connected between the same referenceterminal and the second internal node 43 by interposition of a firstreference resistor 46. The bipolar transistors 45, 46 have anemitter-area ratio of 1 to N.

In addition, a second reference resistor 47 and a third referenceresistor 48 are connected between the inverting input and thenon-inverting input, respectively, of the operational amplifier 41 andthe reference terminal. In particular, the first reference resistor 46,the second reference resistor 47, and the third reference resistor 48have the same value of resistance, which is moreover proportional (viathe proportionality constant α) to the resistance value R_(L) of theload resistors 33 a, 33 b of the differential amplifier 22. Thereference resistors 46, 47 and 48 are moreover matched to the loadresistors 33 a, 33 b, hence being of the same type and obtained with thesame technology (for example, in one and the same resistive layer) asthe load resistors 33 a, 33 b, consequently having substantially thesame electrical characteristics and being substantially subject to thesame process spread and temperature variations.

The reference generator 40 further comprises: a first PMOS transistor 49and a second PMOS transistor 50 connected between the line receiving thesupply voltage V_(DD) and, respectively, the first and second internalnodes 42, 43, and having their gate terminals connected together and tothe output of the operational amplifier 41; a third PMOS transistor 51having its gate terminal connected to the output of the operationalamplifier 41 and connected between the line receiving the supply voltageV_(DD) and a voltage output node 52, on which a reference voltage V_(R)is supplied (in particular, the reference voltage V_(R) is the voltageon an output resistor 53 connected between the reference terminal andthe voltage output node 52); and a fourth PMOS transistor 54, which alsohas its gate terminal connected to the output of the operationalamplifier 41 and connected between the line receiving the supply voltageV_(DD) and a current output node 55 on which a reference current issupplied, in particular coinciding in this case with the biasing currentI_(BIAS).

In use, the operational amplifier 41 forces a same voltage value on thefirst internal node 42 and on the second internal node 43, and a samecurrent value through the first and second PMOS transistors 49, 50; thiscurrent value moreover coincides with the value of the biasing currentI_(BIAS).

The bipolar transistors 44, 45 draw, in use, the same current, so thatthe difference between the corresponding base-emitter voltages dependsonly upon the emitter-area ratio N:ΔV _(BE) =V _(T)·ln(N)where V_(T) is the thermal voltage (given by the known expressionV_(T)=K·T/q, where T is the absolute temperature, K is the Boltzmanconstant, q is the unit electron charge).

Consequently, applying simple considerations on the currents present onthe second internal node 43, the biasing current I_(BIAS) can beexpressed as:

$I_{BIAS} = {{\frac{V_{T} \cdot {\ln(N)}}{\alpha\; R_{L}} + \frac{V_{BE}}{\alpha\; R_{L}}} = \frac{{V_{T} \cdot {\ln(N)}} + V_{BE}}{\alpha\; R_{L}}}$

In the above expression, the term V_(T)·ln(N) represents a PTAT factor(proportional to absolute temperature), having a positive coefficient ofvariation with temperature, whilst the factor V_(BE) has a negativecoefficient of variation with temperature. The sum of these factorsgenerates, in a known way, the bandgap reference voltage V_(BG), whichhas a substantially constant value as the temperature varies, so thatthe biasing current I_(BIAS), as desired, can be effectively expressedin the form:I _(BIAS) =V _(BG)/(α·R _(L))

A further embodiment envisages that, in the case where low-impedanceoutputs are required for the preamplifier circuit 20, the amplificationstage 21 is followed by an output stage, for example constituted byappropriate output buffers.

FIG. 6 shows a possible complete circuit implementation of thepreamplifier circuit 20 (including the stages previously describedindividually), on the hypothesis that an output stage, designated by 60,is provided, constituted by two buffers (one per differential branch)made by a respective PMOS transistor in source-follower configuration.It may be noted that, as shown in FIG. 6, the first and second resistivebiasing elements 24, 27 are implemented by a respective pair of diodesin antiparallel configuration.

In detail, the output stage 60 comprises: a first output PMOS transistor61, having its gate terminal connected to the drain terminal of thefirst PMOS transistor 30 a of the differential amplifier 22, its drainterminal connected to the reference terminal, and its source terminalthat defines in this case the second (negative) output terminal OUTN ofthe preamplifier circuit 20; and a second output PMOS transistor 62,having its gate terminal connected to the drain terminal of the secondPMOS transistor 30 b of the differential amplifier 22, its drainterminal connected to the reference terminal, and its source terminaldefining in this case the first (positive) output terminal OUTP of thepreamplifier circuit 20.

The output stage 60 further comprises a pair of further PMOS transistors63, 64, operatively coupled to the reference generator 40, and having:their gate terminals connected to the output of the operationalamplifier 41 of the aforesaid reference generator 40, their sourceterminals connected to the line receiving the supply voltage V_(DD), andtheir drain terminals, supplying the biasing current I_(BIAS)respectively on the second and first output terminals OUTN, OUTP.

Advantageously, the noise possibly added by the output stage 60 does notdetermine in this case a relevant contribution on the performance levelsof the preamplifier circuit 20 in so far as it adds to a signal alreadypreviously amplified by the amplification stage 21.

In a similar way, where necessary, it is moreover possible to follow theamplification stage 21 of the preamplifier circuit 20 by a further gainstage (in addition or as an alternative to the aforesaid output stage60). Advantageously, the noise of the further gain stage, fed back atinput, is divided by the gain of the amplification stage 21 so as not toaffect, other than marginally, the overall noise performance levels ofthe preamplifier circuit 20.

Advantages of the preamplifier circuit are clear from the foregoingdescription.

One embodiment enables amplification of the capacitive variation signalfrom the detection structure of an acoustic transducer, at the same timeenabling proper biasing thereof. In particular, the preamplifier circuithas high noise performance levels, is capable of eliminating anydisturbance coming from the biasing network of the acoustic transducer,and moreover has a high power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR), thanks tothe fully differential structure of the amplification stage constitutingthe input stage thereof.

In addition, the use of a reference generator circuit does not involvedisadvantages in the majority of applications in so far as a referenceof a bandgap type is usually already present on board the chip in whichthe preamplifier circuit is integrated.

The preamplifier circuit described can be integrated in common analogtechnologies (CMOS or biCMOS), not requiring any particular componentsfor its operation, and is hence particularly suitable for being usedboth as preamplifier stage upstream of an analog-to-digital (ND)converter for an integrated digital microphone, and for an integratedanalog microphone.

In greater detail, FIG. 7 shows an acoustic transducer 70, in particulara MEMS capacitive microphone, in which the aforesaid preamplifiercircuit 20 can advantageously be used.

The acoustic transducer 70 comprises in general two distinct blocks,each provided in a respective die of semiconductor material (designatedas a whole by 70 a and 70 b in FIG. 7): the detection structure 1,basically constituted by the MEMS sensor sensitive to acoustic stimuli,and a readout-interface block 72 (provided as an ASIC), configured forcorrectly biasing the detection structure 1 and processing the generatedcapacitive variation signal for providing, on an output OUT of theacoustic transducer 70, a digital signal, which can subsequently beprocessed by a microcontroller of an associated electronic device.

The preamplifier circuit 20 previously described constitutes the firstfunctional sub-block of the readout-interface block 72, which isdesigned to interface directly with the detection structure 1 and has apreamplifier function for amplifying (and appropriately filtering) thecapacitive variation signal generated by the detection structure 1.

The readout-interface block 72 further comprises: a charge pump 73,which enables generation of an appropriate voltage for biasing thedetection structure 1; an analog-to-digital converter 74, for example ofthe sigma-delta type, configured for receiving a clock signal CK and thedifferential signal amplified by the preamplifier circuit 20, of ananalog type, and converting it into a digital signal; a reference-signalgenerator circuit 75, connected to the analog-to-digital converter 74and designed to supply a reference signal for the analog-to-digitalconversion; and a driver 76, designed to operate as an interface betweenthe analog-to-digital converter 74 and an external system, for example amicrocontroller of an associated electronic device.

In addition, the acoustic transducer 70 may comprise a memory 78 (of avolatile or non-volatile type), for example externally programmable soas to enable use of the acoustic transducer 70 according to differentconfigurations (for example, gain configurations).

Advantageously, the two distinct dies integrating the detectionstructure 1 and the readout-interface block 72 can be housed in a singlepackage, with an appropriate arrangement (for example, stacked, or sideby side).

The features previously listed hence render particularly advantageousthe use of the preamplifier circuit 20, and of the acoustic transducer70 in which the same circuit is implemented, in an electronic device 80,as shown in FIG. 8 (the electronic device 80 may comprise furtheracoustic transducers, in a way not illustrated).

The electronic device 80 is preferably a mobile-communication portabledevice, such as, for example, a mobile phone, a PDA, a notebook, butalso a voice recorder, a reader of audio files with voice-recordingcapacity, etc. Alternatively, the electronic device 80 can be ahydrophone capable of operating under water, or a hearing-aid device.

The electronic device 80 comprises a microprocessor 81 and aninput/output interface 83, for example provided with a keyboard and adisplay, connected to the microprocessor 81. The acoustic transducer 70communicates with the microprocessor 81 via a signal-processing block 85(which can carry out further processing operations of the digital signalat output from the acoustic transducer 70). In addition, the electronicdevice 80 can comprise a loudspeaker 86, for generating sounds on anaudio output (not shown), and an internal memory 87.

Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made towhat has been described and illustrated herein, without departing fromthe scope of the present disclosure.

For example, the dummy capacitor 26 of the amplification stage 21,instead of being provided with standard technology in the dieintegrating the readout-interface circuit (ASIC), may be provided on thesame die of semiconductor material integrating the detection structure1, with the same integrated technology, so as to be even better matchedto the characteristics of the capacitor provided by the same detectionstructure 1 (i.e., in such a way as to have substantially the sameelectrical characteristics and hence undergo the same variations as afunction of external factors, such as ageing, temperature variations,etc.).

In addition, it is clear that the preamplifier circuit according to oneembodiment can advantageously be used in different applications in whichit is required to amplify a capacitive variation with high noiseperformance levels; for example, it can be used with different types ofacoustic transducers (for example, capacitive microphones of atraditional type or electret microphones) or other types of sensors,both of a traditional and of a MEMS type.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employconcepts of the various patents, applications and publications toprovide yet further embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: an acoustictransducer configured to generate a capacitive variation signal as afunction of an acoustic signal; a preamplifier circuit coupled to theacoustic transducer, the preamplifier circuit including: a differentialamplifier having first and second differential inputs and first andsecond differential outputs, the differential amplifier being coupled tothe acoustic transducer and configured to amplify the capacitivevariation signal to generate a differential output signal on the firstand second differential outputs; and a reference generator circuitconfigured to supply a biasing quantity to the differential amplifierand to generate the biasing quantity proportional to a referencevoltage, wherein the differential amplifier includes: a first inputtransistor having a control terminal coupled to said first differentialinput, a first current-conduction terminal configured to receive thebiasing quantity, and a second current conduction terminal coupled to afirst resistive load element and the first differential output of thedifferential amplifier; and a second input transistor having a controlterminal coupled to said second differential input, a firstcurrent-conduction terminal configured to receive the biasing quantity,and a second current conduction terminal coupled to a second resistiveload element and the second differential output of the differentialamplifier.
 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the acoustic transducerincludes a microelectromechanical detection structure, the firstdifferential input is coupled to the microelectromechanical detectionstructure, and the second differential input is coupled to a referencestructure.
 3. The device of claim 2 wherein the microelectromechanicaldetection structure is configured to generate said capacitive variationsignal starting from a value of capacitance at rest, said preamplifiercircuit including a reference capacitive element having a value ofcapacitance substantially equal to the value of capacitance at rest ofthe microelectromechanical detection structure, the reference structureincluding the reference capacitive element.
 4. The device of claim 3,further comprising: a first biasing circuit configured to bias saiddetection structure; and a second biasing circuit configured to biassaid reference capacitive element.
 5. The device of claim 1 wherein avalue of said biasing quantity is a biasing current correlated to aresistance value of the first and second resistive load elements.
 6. Thedevice of claim 5, wherein the reference generator circuit is configuredto generate said biasing current in the form:I _(BIAS) =V _(STAB)/(α·R _(L)) where V_(STAB) is the reference voltagethat does not vary with temperature variations, a is a proportionalityconstant, and R_(L) is the resistance value of the first and secondresistive load elements.
 7. The device of claim 6 wherein said referencegenerator circuit is a bandgap reference-voltage generator, and saidreference voltage is a bandgap reference voltage, said bandgapreference-voltage generator being configured to provide said bandgapreference voltage across a first reference resistive element configuredto generate said biasing current, said first reference resistive elementhaving a same value of resistance as, and being matched to, the firstand second resistive load elements.
 8. The device of claim 7 whereinsaid bandgap reference-voltage generator comprises: an operationalamplifier having a first input and a second input; a first transistor indiode configuration coupled to said first input, and a second transistorin diode configuration coupled to said second input via said firstreference resistive element; a second reference resistive element and athird reference resistive element both having a same value of resistanceas, and matched to, the first and second resistive load, and coupledrespectively to said first and second inputs; a first referencetransistor element and a second reference transistor element, coupled,respectively, to said first and second inputs and having a respectivecontrol terminal coupled to an output of said operational amplifier; andan output transistor element having a respective control terminalcoupled to the output of said operational amplifier and acurrent-conduction terminal configured to supply said biasing current.9. The device of claim 1, further comprising a buffer stage coupled toat least one of the first differential output and the seconddifferential output of said preamplifier circuit, the first and seconddifferential outputs each having a low impedance.
 10. A device,comprising: an acoustic transducer configured to generate a capacitivevariation signal as a function of an acoustic signal; first and secondbiasing circuits; and a preamplifier circuit coupled to the acoustictransducer, the preamplifier circuit including: a differential amplifierhaving first and second differential inputs and first and seconddifferential outputs, the differential amplifier being coupled to theacoustic transducer and configured to amplify the capacitive variationsignal to generate a differential output signal on the first and seconddifferential outputs, and a reference generator circuit configured tosupply a biasing quantity to the differential amplifier and to generatethe biasing quantity proportional to a reference voltage, wherein: theacoustic transducer includes a microelectromechanical detectionstructure, the first differential input is coupled to themicroelectromechanical detection structure, and the second differentialinput is coupled to a reference structure, the microelectromechanicaldetection structure is configured to generate said capacitive variationsignal starting from a value of capacitance at rest, said preamplifiercircuit including a reference capacitive element having a value ofcapacitance substantially equal to the value of capacitance at rest ofthe microelectromechanical detection structure, the reference structureincluding the reference capacitive element, the first biasing circuit isconfigured to bias said detection structure, the second biasing circuitis configured to bias said reference capacitive element, and a firstterminal of said micromechanical detection structure is coupled to afirst terminal of said reference capacitive element, the micromechanicaldetection structure and the reference capacitive element beingconfigured to receive a first biasing voltage at respective firstterminals, said first biasing circuit including a first resistivebiasing element having high impedance, the first resistive biasingelement being coupled between said first differential input and a secondbiasing voltage, said second biasing circuit including a secondresistive biasing element having said high impedance, the second biasingcircuit being coupled between said second differential input and saidsecond biasing voltage.
 11. The device of claim 10 wherein saiddifferential amplifier has a capacitive filter element coupled betweensaid first differential output and the second differential output.
 12. Areadout-interface circuit, comprising: a preamplifier circuit configuredto receive a capacitive variation signal from a MEMS detection structureand to amplify the capacitive variation signal, the preamplifier circuitincluding: an amplification stage configured to generate a differentialoutput signal based on the capacitive variation signal, theamplification stage including a fully differential amplifier configuredto receive and to amplify the capacitive variation signal, thedifferential amplifier including first and second differential inputsand first and second differential outputs; and a reference generatorcircuit configured to supply a biasing quantity to the differentialamplifier and to generate said biasing quantity proportional to areference voltage wherein the differential amplifier includes: a firstinput transistor having a control terminal coupled to the firstdifferential input, a first current-conduction terminal configured toreceive the biasing quantity, and a second current conduction terminalcoupled to a first resistive load element and the first differentialoutput of the differential amplifier; and a second input transistorhaving a control terminal coupled to said second differential input, afirst current-conduction terminal configured to receive the biasingquantity, and a second current conduction terminal coupled to a secondresistive load element and the second differential output of thedifferential amplifier.
 13. The readout-interface circuit according toclaim 12 further comprising an analog-to-digital converter coupled to anoutput of said preamplifier circuit and configured to supply a digitalsignal correlated to said capacitive variation signal.
 14. An acoustictransducer, of a capacitive type, comprising: a microelectromechanicaldetection structure configured to generate a capacitive variation signalas a function of an acoustic signal; and a readout-interface circuitcoupled to the microelectromechanical detection structure, thereadout-interface circuit including: a differential amplifier havingfirst and second differential inputs and first and second differentialoutputs, the differential amplifier being configured to be directlycoupled to the microelectromechanical detection structure to generate adifferential output signal based on the capacitive variation signal; anda reference generator circuit configured to supply a biasing quantity tothe differential amplifier and to generate said biasing quantityproportional to a reference voltage wherein the differential amplifierincludes: a first input transistor having a control terminal coupled tosaid first differential input, a first current-conduction terminalconfigured to receive the biasing quantity, and a second currentconduction terminal coupled to a first resistive load element and thefirst differential output of the differential amplifier; and a secondinput transistor having a control terminal coupled to said seconddifferential input, a first current-conduction terminal configured toreceive the biasing quantity, and a second current conduction terminalcoupled to a second resistive load element and the second differentialoutput of the differential amplifier.
 15. The acoustic transduceraccording to claim 14 wherein the microelectromechanical detectionstructure is integrated in a first die of semiconductor material, andsaid readout-interface circuit is integrated in a second die ofsemiconductor material, and wherein said first and second dies ofsemiconductor material are housed together in a same package.
 16. Adevice comprising: a microprocessor control unit; and an acoustictransducer coupled to said microprocessor control unit, the acoustictransducer including: a MEMS detection structure configured to generatea capacitive variation signal as a function of an acoustic signal; and areadout-interface circuit coupled to the MEMS detection structure, thereadout-interface circuit having: an amplification stage configured togenerate a differential output signal correlated to said capacitivevariation signal, the amplification stage including a fully differentialamplifier configured to be coupled to said MEMS detection structure andto amplify said capacitive variation signal, the differential amplifierincluding first and second differential inputs and first and seconddifferential outputs; and a reference generator circuit configured tosupply a biasing quantity to the differential amplifier and to generatesaid biasing quantity proportional to a reference wherein thedifferential amplifier includes: a first input transistor having acontrol terminal coupled to said first differential input, a firstcurrent-conduction terminal configured to receive the biasing quantity,and a second current conduction terminal coupled to a first resistiveload element and the first differential output of the differentialamplifier; and a second input transistor having a control terminalcoupled to said second differential input, a first current-conductionterminal configured to receive the biasing quantity, and a secondcurrent conduction terminal coupled to a second resistive load elementand the second differential output of the differential amplifier. 17.The device according to claim 16, wherein the device is an electricaldevice chosen from the group consisting of a mobile phone, a PDA, anotebook, a voice recorder, an audio player with functions of voicerecorder, a console for videogames, a hydrophone, and a hearing-aiddevice.
 18. A method comprising: generating a first electrical signalfrom a MEMS capacitor; supplying the first electrical signal directly toa first input of a differential amplifier; generating a secondelectrical signal from a reference capacitor; supplying the secondelectrical signal to the second input of the differential amplifier;generating a biasing quantity according to a bandgap reference voltage,a stability of the biasing quantity corresponding to a stability of thebandgap reference voltage; and supplying the biasing quantity to thedifferential amplifier.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the biasingquantity is a biasing current.
 20. The method of claim 19 comprisinggenerating said biasing current in the form:I _(BIAS) =V _(STAB)/(α·R _(L)) where V_(STAB) is the reference voltage,a is a proportionality constant, and R_(L) is a resistance value ofload-resistive elements of the differential amplifier.
 21. A devicecomprising: an acoustic transducer circuit, the acoustic transducercircuit including: a MEMS capacitor having a first and a secondterminal, the first terminal of the MEMS capacitor configured to receivea bias voltage; a reference capacitor having a first and a secondterminal, the first terminal of the reference capacitor configured toreceive the bias voltage; a differential amplifier having a first and asecond differential input, the first differential input coupled to thesecond terminal of the MEMS capacitor, the second differential inputcoupled to the second terminal of the reference capacitor; and agenerator circuit configured to generate a bandgap reference voltage, togenerate a biasing quantity, the bandgap reference voltage beingconfigured to control the biasing quantity, and to supply the biasingquantity to the differential amplifier.
 22. The device of claim 21wherein the differential amplifier comprises: a first differentialoutput; a second differential output; and a filter capacitor coupledbetween the first and the second differential outputs.
 23. The device ofclaim 22 wherein the acoustic transducer circuit comprises a bufferstage coupled to the first and second differential outputs.
 24. Thedevice of claim 21 comprising a microprocessor coupled to the acoustictransducer circuit and configured to process a signal received from theacoustic transducer circuit.
 25. The device of claim 24 comprising asignal processor coupled to the microprocessor; a memory coupled to themicroprocessor; and an input/output interface coupled to themicroprocessor.
 26. The device of claim 21 wherein the biasing quantityis a biasing current.